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Vol. 20, No. 4, ( 1987)
- Magnetic Fusion Progress: A History and Review
- Introducing Methanol-Fueled Vehicles
- Ultrasonic Diffraction Tomography for Imaging Tumors
- Take a Number
- Technical Capsules. EPA adopts ORNL test to determine hazardous-waste toxicity; ORNL computer model demonstrates learning; antibody-laser technique may detect toxic chemicals; five Oak Ridge developments win 1987 IR 100 awards.
- News Notes. Restart plans for HFIR, other reactors; Numerical Linear Algebra Year observed; 11th Distinguished Scientist named; ORNL researchers facilitate cleanup at TMI; compression of ORNL waste demonstrated; stimulating transfer of ORNL technologies.
- Books. The Dragon's Tail: Radiation Safety in the Manhattan Project is reviewed.
- Awards and Appointments
Vol. 20, No. 3, ( 1987)
- High-Temperature Superconductivity: ORNL Joins the Scientific Stampede
- BUILDING ENERGY CONSERVATION AND ORNL
- The Promise of Gas-Fired Heat Pumps for Buildings
- Ground-Coupled Heat Pumps: ORNL Research Aims at Lowering Costs
- International Cooperation in Heat Pump R&D: A Case History
- Technology Transfer and the Buildings Industry
- Raising Roofing to a Science: ORNL's Roof Research Center
- Foundations for Building Energy Efficiency
- ORNL's Earth-Sheltered Building Results Guide Foundation Research
- Improving Energy Efficiency in Homes and Commercial Buildings
- The Performance and Economics of Superinsulated Houses
- Radon Levels and Home Energy Conservation
- The Smart House Project
- Editorial: The Review is 20 years old
- Awards and Appointments
- Take a Number
- News Notes. ORR shut down permanently; fusion magnets set records; JET installs ORNL fusion-fuel pellet gun; ATF vessel installed; ORNL alloy and Advanced Servomanipulator licensed
- Books. Survival Strategies for New Scientists by Carl J. Sindermann is reviewed
Vol. 20, No. 2, ( 1987)
- State of the Laboratory—1986: ORNL Engages in Collaborative Research. ORNL is performing an increasing amount of work jointly with technical groups in industry, universities, other national laboratories, and laboratories in foreign countries. This collaborative research includes a physics experiment at an accelerator in Switzerland, applications. of surface-modification techniques, studies of radon in the home, the Integrated Forest Study, breeder fuel-reprocessing tests in Japan, development and testing of SDI optical components, modeling of the Chernobyl reactor accident, and tests of superconducting magnets and pellet fueling for fusion energy.
- Positive Feedback in Nature. Ecologists have increasingly come to appreciate the positive feedback processes that occur in ecosystems. These processes are self-amplifying and promote ecological change as well as biological production and diversity. Positive feedback is involved in coevolution, ecological succession, insect and disease outbreaks, and many phenomena.
- Awards and Appointments
- Books. Biotechnology Risk Assessment is reviewed
- News Notes. New materials lab dedicated; ORNL reactors shut down; DOE team issues report on HFIR; ninth Distinguished Scientist appointed; DOE waives rights to 20 ORNL inventions.
- Take a Number
Vol. 20, No. 1, ( 1987)
- The U.S.-Japan Collaboration on Breeder Fuel Reprocessing: ORNL's Role. In March 1986 the United States and Japan agreed to collaborate on developing and demonstrating breeder-reactor fuel reprocessing at a Japanese fuel-recycling pilot plant, which incorporates technology developed at ORNL. The U.S. work, mostly in remote technology, is centered at ORNL.
- National Laboratories and Science Education: The University Relations Programs at ORNL. ORNL and other national laboratories play a significant role in the education and training of university students and providing unique research experiences for university faculty. To improve science education and encourage more U.S. students to choose technical careers, ORNL has developed new programs for undergraduate and precollege education.
- ORNL Follows the Chernobyl Accident from Afar
- The Chernobyl Accident: Causes and Consequences
- Chernobyl from a Vienna Perspective: The Soviet View of the Accident
- Dynamic Analysis of the Chernobyl Accident
- Environmental Aspects of the Chernobyl Accident. When news of the Chernobyl nuclear accident was first announced in April 1986, ORNL scientists made calculations to determine about when the accident had occurred. Other ORNL scientists helped model the accident and used information on fission-product concentrations in Europe to determine the chemical conditions affecting the two releases of radioactivity from the stricken reactor. Since then, ORNL scientists have been analyzing environmental radiation data from Europe and the Soviet Union.
Vol. 17, No. 4, ( 1984)
- Acid Rain and Dry Deposition of Atmospheric Pollutants: ORNL Studies the Effects. Acidic precipitation and atmospheric deposition may be involved in the decline of some forests and in the elevation of aluminum levels in streams. ORNL researchers play an important role in pinpointing the effects of atmospheric pollutants on vegetation, fish, and surface waters.
- Photosynthetic Water Splitting. Using light and algae or nonliving systems, ORNL scientists have photosynthetically split water into oxygen and hydrogen, a clean fuel and chemical feedstock.
- Simulating Processes Within the Earth: Experimental Geochemistry at ORNL. Geochemists at ORNL are using unique devices to simulate in a very short time the chemical processes that form rocks and minerals. The basic research may help solve problems affecting geothermal power, nuclear waste isolation, and exploration for ores and natural gas.
- Drinking Water and Cardiovascular Disease. An epidemiological study of Wisconsin farmers indicates that persons with cardiovascular disease drink softer water than persons without the disease.
- Environmental and Health Impacts of Water Chlorination. ORNL chemist Bob Jolley was the first to identify potentially hazardous organic compounds formed by adding chlorine to wastewater. He has also led an effort to identify drinking water compounds that cause thyroid disease.
- Groundwater Pollution: Environmental and Legal Problems. A book edited by two ORNL researchers discusses the implications of groundwater pollution caused by human discharges of synthetic chemicals. ORNL scientists' attempts to monitor and prevent deteriorative groundwater quality are explored.
- From the Editor. Water is this issue's theme
- Books. E. G. Silver reviews Before It's Too Late: A Scientist's Case for Nuclear Energy.
- Take a Number
- Technical Capsules Structure of water studied; Iodine hydrolysis and reactors; ORNL has four IR 100 winners
- Awards and Appointments
- Reader's Comment
Vol. 17, No. 3, ( 1984)
- New Agents To Detect Heart Disease. ORNL's Nuclear Medicine Group has designed and developed radioactive agents for safely and more clearly evaluating heart disease and the effectiveness of therapy. These agents include iodine-123-labeled methyl-branched fatty acids. The group has also developed an improved iridium-191m generator to diagnose heart problems in children. The methyl-branched fatty acids will be tested this year in human patients in Boston and Vienna, and the generator has just entered clinical trials in Europe.
- The Advanced Toroidal Facility: Improving Fusion's Chances . Because further improvements in doughnut-shaped, or toroidal, fusion devices are desirable, ORNL has designed an Advanced Toroidol Facility (ATF). An optimized version of a stellarator (which differs from a tokamak in that it lacks a plasma current to magnetically confine the fusion fuel), the ATF will be built in Oak Ridge and is scheduled to begin operation in late 1986.
- SPECIAL SECTION: Technology for Efficient Power Systems. ORNL is managing the Department of Energy program for developing and testing technologies designed to make electric power systems safer, more reliable, and more efficient. ORNL's interdisciplinary staff of experts has taken on a variety of projects, including planning an automated distribution experiment for Athens, Tennessee, and developing a fiber optics measurement device, low-loss steel alloy, and new insulating materials for use in transformers.
- The Oak Ridge Environment: A Resource To Be Managed. A five-year plan for managing the resources of the Oak Ridge Reservation of the Department of Energy has been developed at ORNL The plan, which is described in the third in a series of articles on ORNL and the environment, deals with both natural and technical resources and provides the means for resolving resource issues such as endangered plant species, contaminated sewage sludge, and the fast-growing deer population.
- Books. William S. Lyon reviews two books about success in science.
- Technical Capsules. Diamonds Can Measure Very Short Times; New Way To Identify Environmental Carcinogens; Quest for Quicksilver in Local Lakes
- Awards and Appointments
- Take a Number
Vol. 17, No. 2, ( 1984)
- State of the Laboratory—1983 In the following updated report based on his January 31, 1984, address to staff, Herman Postma discusses technical achievements related to global environmental concerns, an improved alloy for artificial hip joints, human problems of abandoned mine lands, magnets for fusion, the Breeder Reprocessing Engineering Test, altering an enzyme to improve crop yields, radiation effects on matter, diagnosing heart disease in children, measuring indoor air pollution, protecting high-voltage lines, measuring fission product release from reactor fuel, new applications of lasers, and fusion plasma fueling.
- Making R&D Pay Off: How ORNL Interacts with Industry. Recently the federal government has removed impediments to the transfer of government-sponsored technology to industry. As a result, ORNL has new staff consulting and patent policies and has established a fund to promote technology transfer. Efforts also have been made by the federal government, Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., and ORNL to stimulate and support the creation of small businesses to help the economy.
- Communicating Health Risks to the Public. The public is worried about low-level effects of environmental agents on health. Its perception of the health risks involved, however, is often different from the actual risks. The scientific establishment, the new media, and culturally ingrained fears and expectations may well be responsible for this discrepancy. That was the consensus of a recent workshop on communicating risks.
- ORNL and the Environment: Views of State and Federal Regulations. In 1983 the State of Tennessee sought for the first time to acquire the right to regulate ORNL's discharges to the environment. Recently the state conducted a compliance evaluation inspection and recommended that ORNL take action to solve its environmental problems. In this second part of a series, the authors discuss steps that ORNL is taking to respond to the inspection report and the legal issues pertaining to environmental management at the Laboratory.
- Take a Number
- Books. William S. Lyon reviews Betrayers of the Truth by William Broad and Nicholas Wade. Books in print edited by ORNL staff members are listed.
- Awards and Appointments
Vol. 17, No. 1, ( 1984)
- How Does ORNL Affect the Environment? ORNL's day-to-day operations for the most part have a beneficial effect on the human environment, although the impacts of its primary product—new scientific and technological information—are speculative. Slightly adverse impacts arise from releases of toxic materials from research activities; however, none of these releases is a threat to human health.
- Building a Better Ion Trap: Atomic Physicists Study Recoil Ions. A new technique developed at ORNL under the leadership of two university professors traps ions of very low energies. This "recoil ion storage" technique permits studies of the transfer of electrons from atoms during collisions with multicharged, low-energy ions and opens the way to future precision spectroscopy experiments on ions.
- The Mathematics of Artificial Intelligence. Mathematicians at ORNL are applying the principles of artificial intelligence to energy-related problems. Their goals include designing an economical, energy-efficient solar house and programming a robot to avoid obstacles so that it can operate in a hazardous environment, such as a nuclear reprocessing plant.
- Predicting Metal-Ion Toxicity: A Collaboration of ORNL Physicists and Biologists. ORNL physicists and biologists are collaborating in a search for fundamental explanations of the toxic effects of metal ions in biological systems. Their goal is to predict the degree of toxicity of metal ions and other chemical pollutants
- Sol-Gel and Gel-Sphere Technology: Powders for Power. Sol-gel technology, developed over a 25-year period at ORNL, has been used to make spherical, beadlike particles for nuclear reactor fuels. Today industry is showing interest in the technology for making ceramics of uniform composition for electronic and other nonnuclear applications. A researcher involved in the development of the prizewinning technology tells its history.
- Editorial. Herman Postma speaks out on ORNL and the environment.
- Take a Number
- Awards and Appointments
- Books. William S. Lyon reviews The Information Society as Post Industrial Society by Yoneji Masuda
- Four-Year Index
Vol. 16, No. 4, ( 1983)
Articles- Fooling Mother Nature: Ion and Laser Beams Improve Materials
- High-Efficiency Beam-Processed Solar Cells
- On the Surface
- Characterizing Materials by X Rays
- Neutron Scattering in Materials Research
- Characterizing Materials by Analytical Electron Microscopy
- Solid State Physics Theory
- Design of Ordered Intermetallic Alloys
- The Theory of Alloys: From Schrodinger to the Rolling Mill
- Mechanical Properties of Metals and Alloys
- Marketing ORNL-made Materials
- Unique ORNL Facilities Used by Academic and Industrial Scientists
- Design of D9: A Radiation Damage-Resistant Alloy
- Materials for Fusion
- Radiation Effects in Metals and Alloys
- SPECIAL SECTION: Aging Trends in Nuclear Power Plants
- Eddy-Current Inspection of Energy-System Components
- Reactor Vessels and Safety
- Alloys for Nuclear Power Systems in Space
- Toward a High-Temperature Materials Laboratory
- Materials Technologies for Advanced Nuclear Energy Concepts
- Advanced Structural Ceramics
- Materials for Energy Conservation
- Welding Metals and Alloys
- Graphites for Space and Defense
- Corrosion Studies at ORNL
- Fossil Energy Materials Research
- Growing Single Crystals of Refractory Materials
- Editorial. Alex Zucker writes on ORNL's role in materials research.
- Lab Anecdote. Stories from the materials sciences
- Books. Tales about Metals is reviewed.
- Awards and appointments
Vol. 16, No. 3, ( 1983)
- Paradox of the Striped Bass: ORNL Fishes for Answers. An ocean fish is declining in marine water but thriving in fresh water, except in some lakes during the summer. That's a paradox, and so is the fact that many of the experts who understand what's going on with this coastal fish reside in the hills of East Tennessee.
- Cable-in-Conduit Superconductors: A Story of Science in the Making. The plasma fuel of fusion reactors must be confined by the fields of powerful magnets. Means for designing internally cooled superconductors for such magnets have been developed at ORNL. During the development, ORNL 's scientists encountered a few surprises.
- Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer. ORNL biologists have used these "magic bullets" produced by modern biotechnology to cure some mice with solid tumors. These products of the fusion of two types of cells show promise in treating and detecting some human cancers.
- Clean Water from Synfuels Plants. Synthetic fuel plants will need large volumes of water for the process of converting coal to oil. Water from the converted coal could be used but it is dirty. ORNL has tested a combination of processes that clean up the water enough for recycle or for discharge under anticipated regulations.
- The Staying Power of the High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor. The national HTGR program has faced extinction for five years but Congress continues to save it. Because of its high-temperature heat, its potential for efficient power generation, and its excellent safety features, the HTGR concept may be too good to discard.
- Health Risks of Energy Technologies: The Experts' Views. A book edited by two ORNL researchers sheds light on this volatile issue. In an interview, the two editors discuss the results and problems of risk analyses made by the experts.
- Editorial. Herman Postma critiques the critiques of national laboratories.
- Take a Number
- Lab Anecdote. Alvin Weinberg recalls the days of the last contract change.
- Books. Fusion: Science, Politics, and the Invention of a New Energy Source, reviewed by Art Snell
- Technical Capsules. How Clean is indoor air? Neutron Dosimeters; Surfaces and Defects
- Awards and Appointments