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High-gradient magnetic filtration (HGMF) is a non-destructive separation technique that captures magnetic constituents from a matrix containing other non-magnetic species. One characteristic that actinide metals share across much of the group is that they are magnetic.
The invention introduces a novel, customizable method to create, manipulate, and erase polar topological structures in ferroelectric materials using atomic force microscopy.
High coercive fields prevalent in wurtzite ferroelectrics present a significant challenge, as they hinder efficient polarization switching, which is essential for microelectronic applications.
Technologies directed quantum spectroscopy and imaging with Raman and surface-enhanced Raman scattering are described.