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The invention presented here addresses key challenges associated with counterfeit refrigerants by ensuring safety, maintaining system performance, supporting environmental compliance, and mitigating health and legal risks.
High coercive fields prevalent in wurtzite ferroelectrics present a significant challenge, as they hinder efficient polarization switching, which is essential for microelectronic applications.
Knowing the state of charge of lithium-ion batteries, used to power applications from electric vehicles to medical diagnostic equipment, is critical for long-term battery operation.
High-performance cerium-based permanent magnet materials have been developed to reduce reliance on scarce rare-earth elements.