Related Reports/Papers Available on the Web:
Below are citations for model documentation reports and application
papers. These documents may be downloaded as PDF or Powerpoint files by selecting the
links on the file sizes (given in parens).
References Describing Capabilities of the Model:
C. K. Rice, 2005.
Investigation of R-410A Air Conditioning System Performance Operating at
Extreme Ambient Temperatures up to the Refrigerant Critical Point, Final Report,
ARTI-21CR/605-50015-01, ORNL/TM-2005/277,
December 2005.
Project Summary (0.02 Mb)
Executive Summary (0.02 Mb)
Final Report (0.6 Mb)
C. K. Rice, 1997.
"DOE/ORNL Heat Pump Design Model, Overview and Application to R-22 Alternatives",
3rd International Conference on Heat Pumps in Cold Climates,
Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada, Aug. 11-12, 1997;
Caneta Research, Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, November, pp.43-66.
(3.9 Mb)
C. K. Rice, 1996.
"ORNL Heat Pump Design Model, Description of Heat Pump Specification Data,
Mark V, Version 95D", Update Notes,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, May, 23 pages.
(0.40Mb)
C. K. Rice, 1996.
"ORNL Mark V Heat Pump Design Model, Summary Of Changes From Version 95B To 95D",
Update Notes, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, May, 3 pages.
(0.24 Mb)
C. K. Rice and W. L. Jackson, 1994.
PUREZ -- The Mark V ORNL Heat Pump Design Model For Chlorine-Free, Pure And
Near-Azeotropic Refrigerant Alternatives, Documentation Package, Version 0.95B,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, November.
(0.6 Mb)
C. K. Rice, 1991.
The ORNL Modulating Heat Pump Design Tool - Mark IV User's Guide,
ORNL/CON-343, 199 pages.
(2.7 Mb)
S. K. Fischer, C. K. Rice, and W. L. Jackson, 1988.
The Oak Ridge Heat Pump Model: Mark III Version Program Documentation,
ORNL/TM-10192, March, 31 pages.
(2.2 Mb)
C. K. Rice, 1987.
"The Effect of Void Fraction Correlation and Heat Flux Assumption on
Refrigerant Charge Inventory Predictions,"
ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 93, Part 1, pp.341-67.
(3.0 Mb)
S. K. Fischer and C. K. Rice, 1983.
The Oak Ridge Heat Pump Models: I. A Steady-State Computer Design Model
for Air-to-Air Heat Pumps,
ORNL/CON-80/R1, August, 185 pages.
(11.1 Mb)
A. E. Dabiri and C. K. Rice, 1981.
"A Compressor Simulation Model with Corrections for the Level of Suction Gas Superheat,"
ASHRAE Transactions,
Vol. 87, Part 2, pp.771-782.
(1.4 Mb)
R. D. Ellison, et al., 1979.
"Heat Pump Modeling: A Progress Report,"
Proceedings of the 4th Annual Heat Pump Technology Conference,
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, April 9-10, 1979, pp. II 1-9.
(1.9 Mb )
R. D. Ellison and F. A. Creswick, 1978.
A Computer Simulation of Steady-State Performance of Air-to-Air Heat Pumps,
ORNL/CON-16, March, 104 pages.
(6.5 Mb)
Another related report is on a modification of the Mark IV modulating model for automotive application. Most discussion in the report relates to the use of the residential heat pump model as much as the automotive version. This model is no longer supported.
D. M. Kyle, 1993.
The Oak Ridge National Laboratory Automobile Heat Pump Model: User's Guide,
ORNL/CON-359, May. 97 pages.
(6.8 Mb)
References Describing Applications of the Model:
C. K. Rice, V. D. Baxter, S. A. Hern, T. P. McDowell, J. D. Munk, and B. Shen, 2013.
"Development of a Residential Ground-Source Integrated Heat Pump",
Presentation at 2013 ASHRAE Winter Conference, Dallas, TX., January.
(0.37 Mb)
C. K. Rice, V. D. Baxter, S. A. Hern, T. P. McDowell, J. D. Munk, and B. Shen, 2013.
"Development of a Residential Ground-Source Integrated Heat Pump",
2013 ASHRAE Winter Conference Paper,
Dallas, TX., January.
(0.12 Mb)
B. Shen, O. Abdelaziz, and C. K. Rice, 2013.
"Auto-Calibration and Control Strategy Determination for a
Variable-Speed Heat Pump Water Heater Using Optimization",
Presentation at 2013 ASHRAE Winter Conference Paper,
Dallas, TX., January.
(0.54 Mb)
B. Shen, O. Abdelaziz, and C. K. Rice, 2012.
"Auto-Calibration and Control Strategy Determination for a
Variable-Speed Heat Pump Water Heater Using Optimization",
International Journal of HVAC&R,
Vol. 18, No. 5, October.
(0.99 Mb)
B. Shen and C. K. Rice, 2012.
"Multiple-Zone Variable Refrigerant Flow System Modeling and Equipment Performance Mapping",
Conference CD of ASHRAE 2012 Winter Conference, Chicago, IL.
(0.42 Mb)
B. Shen, C. K. Rice, and E. A. Vineyard, 2012.
"Development of 20 IEER Rooftop Units - A Simulation Study",
International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue,
July 16-19, 2012.
(0.21 Mb)
I. Mahderekal, B. Shen, and E. A. Vineyard, 2012.
"System Modeling of Gas Engine Driven Heat Pump",
International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue,
July 16-19, 2012.
(0.33 Mb)
O. Abdelaziz and B. Shen, 2012.
"Cold Climates Heat Pump Design Optimization",
Conference CD of ASHRAE 2012 Winter Conference, Chicago, IL.
(0.30 Mb)
O. Abdelaziz, B. Shen, Z. Gao, V. D. Baxter, and I. Iu, 2011.
"Development of a High Performance Air Source Heat Pump for the US Market",
Proceedings of 10th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2011, 16 - 19 May 2011.
(0.33 Mb)
V. D. Baxter, R. W. Murphy, C. K. Rice, B. Shen, and Z. Gao, 2011.
Analysis of Highly-Efficient Electric Residential HPWHs,
ORNL/TM-2011/278, September, 27 pages.
(0.92 Mb)
B. Shen, M. R. Ally, C. K. Rice, and W. G. Craddick, 2011.
Direct Evaporative Precooling Model and Analysis,
ORNL/TM-2010/231, January, 88 pages.
(1.77 Mb)
O. Abdelaziz, B. Shen, and C. K. Rice, 2010.
"Engineering Optimization: From Intuition to Systematic Techniques",
Seminar Presentation,
ASHRAE 2010 Annual Conference.
(0.39 Mb)
V. D. Baxter, R. W. Murphy, C. K. Rice, and W. G. Craddick, 2010.
"Zero (or Low) Energy Home (ZEH) Equipment Needs in a Range of US Climates",
Presentation at 2010 ASHRAE Annual Conference, June.
(2.15 Mb)
J. D. Kueck, B. J. Kirby, M. R. Ally, and C. K. Rice, 2009.
Prediction of Air Conditioning Load Response for Providing Spinning Reserve,
ORNL/TM-2008/227, February, 38 pages.
(0.27 Mb)
C. K. Rice, R. W. Murphy, and V. D. Baxter, 2008.
"Design Approach and Performance Analysis of a Small Integrated Heat Pump (IHP)
for Net Zero Energy Homes (ZEH)",
Presentation at 2008
International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue,
July 14-17.
(0.71 Mb)
C. K. Rice, R. W. Murphy, and V. D. Baxter, 2008.
"Design Approach and Performance Analysis of a Small Integrated Heat Pump (IHP)
for Net Zero Energy Homes (ZEH)",
2008 International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue,
July 14-17. Paper 2285, 8 pages.
(0.13 Mb)
R. W. Murphy, V. D. Baxter, C. K. Rice, and W. G. Craddick, 2008,
"Development of a Small Integrated Heat Pump (IHP) For Net Zero Energy Homes",
Proceedings of 9th International Energy Agency Heat Pump Conference,
20-22 May 2008, Zurich, Switzerland, Paper 7.5/Session 7, 10 pages.
(0.36 Mb)
R. W. Murphy, V. D. Baxter, C. K. Rice, and W. G. Craddick, 2007,
Air Source Integrated Heat Pump for Near Zero Energy Houses: Technology
Status Report.
ORNL/TM-2007/112, December, 81 pages.
(1.3 Mb)
R. W. Murphy, V. D. Baxter, C. K. Rice, and W. G. Craddick, 2007,
Ground Source Integrated Heat Pump for Near Zero Energy Houses: Technology
Status Report.
ORNL/TM-2007/177, December, 66 pages.
(0.65 Mb)
B. Shen, E. A. Groll, and J. E. Braun, 2006.
RP-1173 -- Improvement and Validation of Unitary Air Conditioner and Heat Pump
Simulation Models at Off-Design Conditions,
ASHRAE Research Project Report.
(2.3 Mb)
C. K. Rice, 2005.
Investigation of R-410A Air Conditioning System Performance Operating at Extreme
Ambient Temperatures up to the Refrigerant Critical Point, Final Report,
ARTI-21CR/605-50015-01, ORNL/TM-2005/277, December 2005.
Project Summary (0.02 Mb)
Executive Summary (0.02 Mb)
Final Report (0.6 Mb)
C. K. Rice and J. J. Tomlinson, 2005.
"Potential for Lower Refrigerant Charge in Conventional and Advanced Heat Pump Systems",
IEA Heat Pump Centre Newsletter, Volume 23, No. 2.
(3.4 Mb)
J. J. Tomlinson, C. K. Rice, and E. Baskin, 2005.
"Integrated Heat Pumps for Combined Space Conditioning and Water Heating",
8th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2005: Global Advances in Heat Pump Technology, Applications,
and Markets, May 30-June 02, Las Vegas, USA
(0.07 Mb)
M. W. Spatz, 2000.
"Replacements for HCFC-22 in Air Conditioning and Heat Pump Systems"
Proceedings of the 2000 International Refrigeration Conference at Purdue,
July 25-28, pp. 143-152.
(0.08 Mb)
J. Zheng, H. M. Hughes, M. W. Spatz, G. J. Zyhowski, 1998.
"Optimization Strategies for Unitary Air Conditioners Using R-410A",
Proceedings of the 1998 International Refrigeration Conference at Purdue,
July 14-17, pp. 69-74.
(0.84 Mb)
C. K. Rice, 1997.
"DOE/ORNL Heat Pump Design Model, Overview and Application to R-22 Alternatives",
3rd International Conference on Heat Pumps in Cold Climates,
Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada, Aug. 11-12, 1997; Caneta Research, Inc.,
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, November, pp.43-66.
(3.9 Mb)
G. J. Rosenquist, 1997.
"Comparison of Simulated and Measured Test Data on Air-Source Heat Pumps",
3rd International Conference on Heat Pumps in Cold Climates,
Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada, Aug. 11-12, 1997;
Caneta Research, Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, November, pp.391-405.
(0.3 Mb)
W. P. Levins, C. K. Rice, and V. D. Baxter, 1997.
"Modeled and Measured Effects of Compressor Downsizing in an Existing Air
Conditioner/Heat Pump in the Cooling Mode,"
ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 192, Part 2, pp.22-33.
(0.7 Mb)
C. K. Rice, L. S. Wright, and P. K. Bansal, 1994.
"Thermodynamic Cycle Evaluation Model for R-22 Alternatives in Heat Pumps -
Initial Results and Comparisons,"
Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Heat Pumps in Cold Climates,
Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada, Aug.16-17,1993; Caneta Research, Inc.,
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, January, pp.81-96.
(3.0 Mb)
M. W. Spatz and J. Zheng, 1992. "Performance of Alternative Refrigerants in Heat Pumps and Air Conditioners", presented at the 1992 International Refrigeration Conference at Purdue, July, published in the Proceedings of the 1994 International Refrigeration Conference at Purdue, pp. 465-475. (4.5 Mb)
C. K. Rice, 1992.
"Benchmark Performance Analysis of an ECM-Modulated Air-to-Air Heat Pump with a
Reciprocating Compressor",
Presentation Slides. Jan.
(1.6 Mb)
C. K. Rice, 1992.
"Benchmark Performance Analysis of an ECM-Modulated Air-to-Air Heat Pump with
a Reciprocating Compressor," ASHRAE Transactions,
Vol. 98, Part1, 1992 pp.430-50
(2.8 Mb)
M. W. Spatz, 1991. "Performance of Alternative Refrigerants from a System's Perspective", 1991 International CFC and Halon Conference, Baltimore, MD, December, pp.352-361. (1.2 Mb)
C. K. Rice, 1988.
"Efficiency Characteristics of Speed Modulated Drives at Predicted Torque
Conditions for Air-to-Air Heat Pumps,"
ASHRAE Transactions,
Vol. 94, Part 1, pp.892-921 .
(4.1 Mb)
W. A. Miller, 1988.
"Laboratory Capacity Modulation Experiments, Analyses, And Validation",
Proceedings of the 2nd DOE/ORNL Heat Pump Conference: Research and
Development on Heat Pumps for Space Conditioning Applications,
CONF-8804100, April 17-20, 1988, Washington, D.C., April, pp. 7-21.
(2.0 Mb)
C. K. Rice, 1988.
"Capacity Modulation Component Characterization and Design Tool Development",
Proceedings of the 2nd DOE/ORNL Heat Pump Conference: Research and
Development on Heat Pumps for Space Conditioning Applications,
CONF-8804100, April 17-20, 1988, Washington, D.C., April, pp. 23-33.
(1.7 Mb)
S. K. Fischer and C. K. Rice, 1985.
"System Design Optimization and Validation for Single-Speed Heat Pumps,"
Heat Pumps: Unitary, ASHRAE Technical Bulletin, pp.21-34.
(also published in ASHRAE Transactions,
Vol. 91, Part 2, pp.509-522)
(2.0 Mb)
C. K. Rice and S. K. Fischer, 1985.
"A Comparative Analysis of Single- and Continuously Variable-Capacity
Heat Pump Concepts",
Proceedings of the DOE/ORNL Heat Pump Conference: Research and Development
on Heat Pumps for Space Conditioning Applications,
CONF-841231, Dec. 11-13, 1984, Washington, D. C., August, pp. 57-65.
(1.3 Mb)
C. K. Rice, S. K. Fischer, W. L. Jackson, and R. D. Ellison, 1981.
"Design Optimization of Conventional Heat Pumps: Application to Steady-State
Heating Efficiency,"
ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 87, Part 1, pp.1037-1055.
(2.0 Mb)
C. K. Rice, S. K. Fischer, W. L. Jackson, and R. D. Ellison, 1981.
Design Optimization and the Limits of Steady-State Heating Efficiency for
Conventional Single-Speed Air-Source Heat Pumps,
ORNL/CON-63, October, 87 pages.
(8.4 Mb)
Refrigerant-Mixture-Related Modeling and Analysis Papers:
C. K. Rice, L. S. Wright, and P. K. Bansal, 1994.
"Thermodynamic Cycle Evaluation Model for R-22 Alternatives in Heat Pumps -
Initial Results and Comparisons,"
Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Heat Pumps in Cold Climates,
Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada, Aug.16-17,1993; Caneta Research, Inc.,
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, January, pp.81-96.
(3.0 Mb)
C. K. Rice, 1993.
"Influence of HX Size and Augmentation on Performance Potential of Mixtures
in Air-to-Air Heat Pumps,"
After R-22, What?ASHRAE Technical Data Bulletin,
Volume 9, Number 4, pp.77-91.(also published in
ASHRAE Transactions,
Vol. 99, Part 2, pp.665-79)
(2.7 Mb)
Other Related Reports/Papers Available Online or From Publishers:
B. Shen, J. E. Braun, and E. A. Groll, 2011.
"The Impact of Refrigerant Charge, Air Flow and Expansion Devices on the Measured
Performance of an Air-Source Heat Pump - Part I",
ASHRAE Transactions, Volume 117, Part 2.
(2.2 Mb)
B. Shen, E. A. Groll and J. E. Braun, 2011.
"Modeling Improvements for Air Source Heat Pumps using Different Expansion Devices
at Varied Charge Levels - Part II",
ASHRAE Transactions, Volume 117, Part 2.
(0.60 Mb)
B. Shen, J. E. Braun, and E. A. Groll, 2009. "Improved Methodologies for Simulating Unitary Air Conditioners at Off-Design Conditions", International Journal of Refrigeration, Volume 32.
B. Shen, J. E. Braun, and E. A. Groll, 2006. "A Method for Tuning Refrigerant Charge in Modeling Off-Design Performance of Unitary Equipment", HVAC&R Research, Volume 12, Issue 3, July 2006
ORNL reports from the
BTRIC Program
can be found at
BTRIC Publications.
ORNL printed reports can be ordered from NTIS (National Technical Information Service) at 1-800-553-6847.