Table B-1: Overall Summary of Synchrotron Use for Structural Biology
| Synchrotron |
| CHESS | SSRL | NSLS | APS | ALS | |
| Macromolecular Crystallography (XTAL) | F2 |
BL1-5
BL9-1 BL9-2 |
X4A
X8C X12B X12C X25 X26C |
17ID
17BM 19ID 19BM 14ID 14BM |
5.0.2
5.0.1 |
| Fixed-Wavelength XTAL | A1
F1 |
BL7-1 | X4C | 5BM | None |
| Non Crystal Diffraction (SNM) | A1
F1 F2 |
BL4-2
BL10-2 BL1-4 |
X9B
X12B X27 |
18ID | None |
| X-ray Imaging (IMG) | None | BL3-4
BL10-2 |
X1A | None | 6.1.3 |
| Spectroscopy (XAS) | None | BL2-3
BL4-3 BL6-2 BL7-3 BL9-3 BL5-2 BL8-2 |
X9
X11 X18B X19A X10C |
18ID | 4.0 |
| Other | None | IR Micro. U2B,
CD, Fluor. U9B |
None | None | |
| Days of beam time per year | 165 | 220 | 210 | 200-250 | 210-230 |
| % Struct. Bio.a | 30% | 35-50% | 15% | 25% | 12% |
aFraction of total beam time at all beamlines devoted to the Structural Biology disciplines mentioned.
Table B-2: Beamlines for Structural Biology
| Synchrotron | Beamline | Organization | Birth Date |
| CHESS | A1 | CHESS/MacCHESS | Oct-93 |
| F1 | CHESS/MacCHESS | Aug-89 | |
| F2 | CHESS/MacCHESS | Aug-89 | |
| SSRL | BL 1-4 | SSRL (partially operated) | late 70's |
| BL 1-5 | SSRL | 1983 | |
| BL 2-3 | SSRL | Jun-76 | |
| BL 3-4 | SSRL | Jun-79 | |
| BL 4-2 | SSRL | Feb-89 | |
| BL 4-3 | SSRL | Feb-89 | |
| BL 6-2 | SSRL (PRT: Exxon 33%) | 1984 | |
| BL 7-1 | SSRL | Apr-84 | |
| BL 7-3 | SSRL | Oct-80 | |
| BL 9-1 | SSRL | Aug-96 | |
| BL 9-2 | SSRL | Dec-97 | |
| BL 9-3 | SSRL | Jul-97 | |
| BL 10-1 | SSRL (CMR 33%; IBM 33%) | Nov-87 | |
| BL 10-2 | SSRL | Nov-87 | |
| BL 5-2UV | SSRL | Dec-84 | |
| BL 8-2UV | SSRL(PRT: DOE 33%; UC 33%) | Nov-86 | |
| NSLS | X1A | SUNY Stony Brook, Physics Dept. | Aug-90 |
| X4A | HHMI | Jan-94 | |
| X4C | HHMI | late 97 | |
| X8C | LANL, UCLA, Hoffman LaRoche, Eastern Canadian Consortium | May-97 | |
| X9A | Albert Einstein, Phys. and Biophys. | 1996 | |
| X9B | Albert Einstein, Phys. and Biophys. | 1986 | |
| X11A | X11A PRT | 1984 | |
| X12B | BNL Biology Dept. | Jan-95 | |
| X12C | BNL Biology Dept. | 1985 | |
| X19A | NSLS & PRT | Jun-91 | |
| X25 | BNL NSLS | Feb-90 | |
| X26C | Cold Spring Harbor, SUNY Stony Brook, U. Chicago | Jun-97 | |
| APS | 5BM | DND-CAT | Jun-96 |
| 14BM-C | BioCARS | Mar-98 | |
| 14BM-D | BioCARS | Jan-98 | |
| 14ID | BioCARS | Jun-98 | |
| 17ID | IMCA-CAT | May-97 | |
| 17BM | IMCA-CAT | Mar-97 | |
| 18ID | BioCAT | Sep-97 | |
| 19ID | SBC-CAT | Apr-96 | |
| 19BM | SBC-CAT | Dec-96 | |
| ALS | 4 | ALS Structural Bio. | late Ô98 |
| 5.0.1 | ALS Structural Bio. | Jul-99 | |
| 5.0.2 | ALS Structural Bio. | Jul-97 | |
| 6.1.3 | LBNL Ctr. for X-ray Optics | 1997 |
Table B-3: Characteristics of Beamlines Used for Structural Biology
| Beamline | Flux (ph/sec) | Cross-fire (mr) | Instrumentation in 1998-99 |
| CHESS A1 | 3.0x1011 | 1.2 | phi-axis camera with mosaic CCD |
| CHESS F1 | 3.0x1011 | 1.2 | phi-axis camera with mosaic CCD |
| CHESS F2 | 1.0x1011 | 1.6 | phi-axis camera with mosaic CCD |
| SSRL BL 1-4 | NA | NA | SAXS Camera w/single element CCD |
| SSRL BL 1-5 | 2x109 | 4.6 | 300mm MAR or Image Plate w/off-line scanner |
| SSRL BL 2-3 | NA | NA | LHe cryostat on X-Y sample positioner/ 13-element Ge Detector or Lytle Det. |
| SSRL BL 3-4 | NA | NA | Soft X-ray microscope |
| SSRL BL 4-2 | NA | NA | Sample translator/Jet Mixer/Stopped-flow/Single axis goniometer/CCD/Linear PSD |
| SSRL BL 4-3 | NA | NA | LHe cryostat on X-Y sample positioner/ 13-element Ge Detector or Lytle Det. |
| SSRL BL 6-2 | NA | NA | LHe or LN2 cryostat on X-Y sample positioner/ 13-30 element Ge or Lytle Det. |
| SSRL BL 7-1 | 3x1010 | 1.0 | 300mm MAR |
| SSRL BL 7-3 | NA | NA | LHe cryostat on X-Y sample positioner/13-30 element Ge Detector |
| SSRL BL 9-1 | 1x1011 | 3.0 | 345mm MAR or 2x2 CCD on Huber Kappa |
| SSRL BL 9-2 | 4x1011 | 4.7 | ADSC Quantum 4 2x2 CCD on Huber Kappa |
| SSRL BL 9-3 | NA | NA | LHe cryostat on X-Y sample positioner/singl crystal goniometer w/LN2 cryo. 30element Ge |
| SSRL BL 10-1 | NA | NA | NA |
| SSRL BL 10-2 | NA | NA | 6-axis Huber diffractometer w/solid state det. |
| SSRL BL 5-2UV | NA | NA | VUV chamber and multi-element Ge Detector |
| SSRL BL 8-2UV | NA | NA | VUV chamber and multi-element Ge Detector |
| NSLS X1A | NA | NA | NA |
| NSLS X4A | ~1010 | ~2.0 | Huber 3-circle/R-Axis IV |
| NSLS X4C | ~1010 | ~2.0 | Huber 3-circle/ ADSC single cell CCD |
| NSLS X8C | 2x1010 | 2.0 | MAR/1k CCD (eventually 2k CCD) |
| NSLS X9A | NA | NA | NA |
| NSLS X9B | 1x1011 | 2.0 | Mar/Ge detector |
| NSLS X11A | NA | NA | Displex, 13-element Ge |
| NSLS X12B | 5x1010 | 2.5 | Mar 300/CCD |
| NSLS X12C | 1x1010 | 2.0 | CAD4/Brandeis CCD |
| NSLS X19A | NA | NA | He cryostat and NSLS 100+ element detector |
| NSLS X25 | 1x1011 | 1.0 | Mar345 or CAD4/Mar CCD |
| NSLS X26C | TBD | TBD | Fast goniometer/Mar image plate |
| APS 5BM | -- | -- | MAR |
| APS 14BM-C | 5x1012 | 2.0 | ADSC CCD or MAR or Fuji Off-Line |
| APS 14BM-D | 5x1012 | 1.5 | ADSC CCD or MAR or Fuji Off-Line |
| APS 14ID | 7x1013 | 0.3 | ADSC CCD or MAR or Fuji Off-Line |
| APS 17ID | -- | -- | Siemens 2x2 CCD |
| APS 17BM | -- | -- | -- |
| APS 18ID | NA | NA | NA |
| APS 19ID | 2.5x1015 | 0.3 | Kappa stage on Omega platform/ANL 9-CCD |
| APS 19BM | 8.0x1013 | 1.0 | Kappa stage on Omega platform/ANL 9-CCD |
| ALS 4 | NA | NA | NA |
| ALS 5.0.1 | 8.5x1013 | 3.0 | Kappa goniometer/2x2 CCD array |
| ALS 5.0.2 | 2.3x1013 | 1.5 | Kappa goniometer/2x2 CCD array |
| ALS 6.1.3 | NA | NA | NA |
Table B-4: Allocation of Time and Staff
| Beamline | XTAL
ext/inta |
XAS | SNM | IMG | # Personnel |
| CHESS A1 | .90/.05b | -- | -- | -- | 4.0 |
| CHESS F1 | .82/.02b | -- | .10/0 | -- | 4.0 |
| CHESS F2 | .42/.08 | -- | .03/0 | -- | 4.0 |
| SSRL BL 1-4 | -- | .07 | -- | -- | 0.1 |
| SSRL BL 1-5 | .88/.12 | -- | -- | -- | 2.3 |
| SSRL BL 2-3 | -- | .18/.12 | -- | -- | 0.7 |
| SSRL BL 3-4 | -- | -- | -- | .66/0 | 1.6 |
| SSRL BL 4-2 | -- | -- | .38/.10 | -- | 1.3 |
| SSRL BL 4-3 | -- | .08/.01 | -- | -- | 0.2 |
| SSRL BL 6-2 | -- | .27/.02 | -- | -- | 0.7 |
| SSRL BL 7-1 | .87/.13b | -- | -- | -- | 2.4 |
| SSRL BL 7-3 | -- | .80/.13 | -- | -- | 2.3 |
| SSRL BL 9-1 | .90/.10 | -- | -- | -- | 2.4 |
| SSRL BL 9-2 | (.88/.12) | -- | -- | -- | 2.4 |
| SSRL BL 9-3 | -- | (.90/.10) | -- | -- | 2.4 |
| SSRL BL 10-1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| SSRL BL 10-2 | -- | -- | .12/0 | .19/0 | 0.9 |
| SSRL BL 5-2UV | -- | .10/0 | -- | -- | 0.2 |
| SSRL BL 8-2UV | -- | .19/0 | -- | -- | 0.5 |
| NSLS X1A | -- | -- | -- | .32/.03 | 2.0 |
| NSLS X4A | .40/.60 | -- | -- | -- | 2.0 |
| NSLS X4C | TBD | -- | -- | -- | 2.0 |
| NSLS X8C | (.25/.75) | -- | -- | -- | 2.0 |
| NSLS X9A | (.25/.75) | -- | -- | -- | 1.0 |
| NSLS X9B | (0/.4) | (.3/.15) | (0.15) | -- | 2.0 |
| NSLS X11A | -- | .07/.03 | -- | -- | 3.0 |
| NSLS X12B | 0.55/0.20 | .25/0 | -- | -- | 2.0 |
| NSLS X12C | .65/.35 | -- | -- | -- | 3.0 |
| NSLS X19A | -- | -- | -- | .45/.55 | 0.5 |
| NSLS X25 | .32/.08 | .04/.01 | -- | -- | 2.0 |
| NSLS X26C | .40/.25 | -- | -- | -- | 1.0 |
| APS 5BM | (0/.15) | -- | -- | -- | 4.0 |
| APS 14BM-C | -- | -- | -- | -- | 4.0 |
| APS 14BM-D | -- | -- | -- | -- | 4.0 |
| APS 14ID | -- | -- | -- | -- | 3.0 |
| APS 17ID | (.25/.75) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| APS 17BM | (.25/.75) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| APS 18ID | -- | .25 | .50 | -- | 9.5 |
| APS 19ID | (.75/.25) | -- | -- | -- | 6.0 |
| APS 19BM | (.75/.25) | -- | -- | -- | 6.0 |
| ALS 4 | -- | Mag. CD 0.25/0 | -- | -- | -- |
| ALS 5.0.1 | (0.4/0.4)b | -- | -- | -- | 3.0 |
| ALS 5.0.2 | (0.4/0.4) | -- | -- | -- | 3.0 |
| ALS 6.1.3 | -- | -- | -- | 1.0 | -- |
a Ext/Int shows the fractions of beam time used by general users and by the group operating the beamline, respectively. (#) are projections for mid-1998.
b fixed-wavelength.
Table B-5. User Access to Beamlines for Structural Biology
| Beamline | Scheduling Period | Groups Served/Period | Left in Queue |
| CHESS A1 | 2 mos | 18 | 50 |
| CHESS F1 | 2 mos | 12 | 50 |
| CHESS F2 | 2 mos | 18 | 5 |
| SSRL BL 1-4 | 2-3 mos | 0 | 0 |
| SSRL BL 1-5 | 2-3 mos | 28/yr | 0 |
| SSRL BL 2-3 | 2-3 mos | 9/yr | 0 |
| SSRL BL 3-4 | 2-3 mos | -- | 0 |
| SSRL BL 4-2 | 2-3 mos | 33/yr | 12/yr |
| SSRL BL 4-3 | 2-3 mos | 3/yr | 3 |
| SSRL BL 6-2 | 2-3 mos | 9/yr | 4 |
| SSRL BL 7-1 | 2-3 mos | 90/yr | 96 |
| SSRL BL 7-3 | 2-3 mos | 28/yr | 17 |
| SSRL BL 9-1 | 2-3 mos | 90/yr | TBD |
| SSRL BL 9-2 | 2-3 mos | TBD | TBD |
| SSRL BL 9-3 | 2-3 mos | TBD | TBD |
| SSRL BL 10-1 | 2-3 mos | TBD | TBD |
| SSRL BL 10-2 | 2-3 mos | 2-3/yr | 1-2/yr |
| SSRL BL 5-2UV | 2-3 mos | 3/yr | 2 |
| SSRL BL 8-2UV | 2-3 mos | 6/yr | 1 |
| NSLS X1A | 4 mos | 10 | 4 |
| NSLS X4A | 1.5 mos | 11 | 2-3 |
| NSLS X4C | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| NSLS X8C | 4 mos | TBD | TBD |
| NSLS X9A | 4 mos | 5 | 0 |
| NSLS X9B | 4 mos | 16-20 | 5-10 |
| NSLS X11A | 4 mos | 16 | 30 |
| NSLS X12B | 4 mos | 20 | 40 |
| NSLS X12C | 4 mos | 20 | 40 |
| NSLS X19A | 4 mos | 15 | 1 |
| NSLS X25 | 4 mos | 17 | 12 |
| NSLS X26C | 4 mos | TBD | TBD |
| APS 5BM | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| APS 14BM-C | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| APS 14BM-D | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| APS 14ID | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| APS 17ID | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| APS 17BM | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| APS 18ID | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| APS 19ID | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| APS 19BM | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| ALS 4 | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| ALS 5.0.1 | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| ALS 5.0.2 | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| ALS 6.1.3 | TBD | TBD | TBD |
TBD, to be determined.
Additional Comments about Beamlines
B. Hedman, SSRL, All beamlines:
As we have given average values for 3 years of running to get reasonably reliable numbers, trends have not been displayed. However, there continues to be a strongly increasing demand for crystallography access at SSRL. The number of active proposals for monochromatic data collection increased from below 20 in 1990 to more than 160 in FY96. When station 9-1 became available for user scheduling earlier this year, it was instantly filled and there is already a significant and growing over demand for access (with NO decrease in activity on the other monochromatic station 7-1). It is also the case that virtually every group says that they would like significantly more time than they can get and this will become increasingly true as the push toward higher (nearer atomic) resolution progresses. There are also growth trends in SAXS/D with about a 60% increase in the number of active SAXS/D proposals between 1994 and 1996. There are 8 new outside user groups using primarily BL 4-2 since 1993, in part because of new capabilities in time -resolved SAXS/D and in low angle crystallography of large unit cell assemblies. In the XAS area, there has been a 65% increase in the number of active XAS proposals from '90 to '95 with 11 new outside user groups since 1991 - all meaning we are still significantly under meeting demand in bio XAS. New capabilities in detectors to study more dilute samples (high throughput 13-element Ge systems and soon a 30-element version) and instrumentation for grazing incidence XAS studies have contributed to this growth as well. There is also a significant growth in demand and numbers of proposals for time to study problems in bio- and phyto- remediation. Overall, it is the case that bio activity at SSRL has grown to represent about 50% of the user and proposal base.
R. Sweet, NSLS, beamline X12C:
I believe the number of proposals we receive is limited by the expected waiting period. Many investigators inquire about accessibility of time, but then fail to submit a proposal when they learn that the wait is likely to be 6 months. They hope for 2-3 months. At the same time, there is significant demand for a turn-around of less than one month -- many people call (1-2 a week!) hoping that there is some time RIGHT NOW.
L. Berman, NSLS, beamlineX25:
Although I can't affirm so with certainty at this point, I am sure that, when the survey responses from the other NSLS biology beamlines are submitted, you will find that the oversubscription rate at the level noted on X25 is probably typical for the other beamlines too. In fact, I believe that it is even more severe for the BNL Biology beamlines X12B/C.
G. Bunker, APS, BioCAT:
We expect demand to be very strong once we have demonstrated the capabilities of the beamline. I have no doubt it will be strongly oversubscribed.
J. Calabrese, APS, DuPont-Northwestern CAT:
As the number of facilities expand, and become more user-friendly and reliable, more users will appreciate the importance and value of SR and its demand and use will grow.
E. Westbrook, APS, Structural Biology Center:
The user program has not yet begun. We anticipate 3 day runs will be scheduled, with users advised to come early to train, and they may stay later to process. User throughput will depend on APS storage ring stability. With no advertising and explicit warnings that we are not yet ready for users, I already have over 20 unsolicited requests for beam time.
T. Earnest, ALS, All beamlines:
We have had immense interest, especially from west coast groups for beam time even as we are initially commissioning. Our partnerships with industry (Amgen, Roche) and academia (UC-Berkeley, and soon (it looks) UCSF) offer a different "hybrid" mode of funding and beam time allocation that could serve as a model for future facilities.