Recent Separations Publications and Patents
 
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eta-2 Acetonitrile Cesium Complex

Patents

Separations Publications Prior to 2003

Recent and Future Presentations

Recent Publications, Patents, and Presentations
on non-Separations Topics

Reprints available on Request:
Chemical Separations Group
Chemical Sciences Division
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Bldg. 4500S, MS-6119
Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6119, U.S.A.
Voice phone: 865-574-6718
FAX: 865-574-4939
e-mail: moyerba@ornl.gov

Publications, 2003-Present

  1. Werner, E. J.; Avedano, S.; Botta, M.; Hay, B. P.; Moore, E. G.; Aime, S.; Raymond, K. N. Highly soluble tris-hydroxypyridonate Gd(III) complexes with increased hydration number, fast water exchange, slow electronic relaxation, and high relaxivity J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007 129(7) 1870
  2. Custelcean, R.; Engle, N. L.; Bonnesen, P. V. Crystalline hydrogen-bonded nanocolumns of cyclic thiourea octamers Cryst. Eng. Comm. 2007 9(6), 452-455
  3. Binyamin, I.; Pailloux, S.; Hay, B. P.; Rapko, B. M.; Duesler, E. N.; Paine, R. T. Synthesis of propionamide pyridine and pyridine N-oxide ligands J. Heterocyclic Chem. 2007 44(1) 99-103
  4. Chakoumakos, B. C.; Custelcean R,.; Kamlyama, T.; Oikawa, K.; Sales, B. C.; Lumsden, M. D. Structural modulation in K2V3O8, J. Solid State Chem, 2007, 180(3), 812-817
  5. Harmon, B. W.; Ensor, D. D.; Delmau, L. H.; Moyer B. A. Extraction of cesium by a calix[4]arene-crown-6 ether bearing a pendant amine group, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 2007, 25(3), 373-388
  6. Custelcean, R.; Moyer, B. A. Anion separation with metal-organic frameworks Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2007 10, 1321-1340
  7. Custelcean, R.; Sellin, V.; Moyer, B. A. Sulfate separation by selective crystallization of a urea-functionalized metal-organic framework Chem. Commun., 2007 15, 1541-1543
  8. Moyer, B. A.; Delmau, L. H.; Fowler, C. J.; Ruas, A.; Bostick, D. A.; Sessler, J. L.; Katayev, E.; Pantos, G. D.; Llinares, J. M.; Hossain, A.; Kang, S. O.; Bowman-James, K, Supramolecular chemistry of environmentally relevant anions Advances in Inorganic Chemistry: Including Bioinorganic Studies Vol. 59 175-204, 2007
  9. Levitskaia, T. G.; Maya, L.; Van Berkel, G. J.; Moyer B. A. Anion partitioning and ion-pairing behavior of anions in the extraction of cesium salts by 4,5 ''-bis(tert-octylbenzo)dibenzo-24-crown-8 in 1,2-dichloroethane Inorg. Chem 2007 46(1), 261-272
  10. Berryman, O. B.; Bryantsev, V. S.; Stay, D. P.; Johnson, D. W.; Hay, B. P. Structural criteria for the design of anion receptors: The interaction of halides with electron-deficient arenes J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007 129(1) 48-58
  11. Delmau, L. H.; Bonnesen, P. V.; Engle, N. L.; Haverlock, T. J.; Sloop, F. V., Jr.; Moyer, B. A. Combined Extraction of Cesium and Strontium from Alkaline Nitrate Solutions. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 2006, 24 (2), 197-225.
  12. Custelcean, R.; Haverlock, T. J.; Moyer, B. A. Anion Separation by Selective Crystallization of Metal-Organic Frameworks. Inorg. Chem. 2006, 45, 6446-6452.
  13. Custelcean, R.; Moyer, B. A.; Bryantsev, V. S.; Hay, B. P. Anion Coordination in Metal-Organic Frameworks Functionalized with Urea Hydrogen-Bonding Groups. Cryst. Growth Design 2006, 6 (2), 555-563.
  14. Parks, B. W.; Gilbertson, R. D.; Hutchison, J. E.; Rather, E.; Weakley, T. J. R.; Rapko, B. M.; Hay, B. P.; Sinkov, S. I.; Rogers, R. D. Ligand Preorganization in Trivalent Lanthanide Binding by Bicyclic Malonamides Probed by Single-Phase Binding Affinity Measurements and X-Ray Crystallography Inorg. Chem. 2006, 45, 1498-1507.
  15. Bryantsev, V. S; Hay, B. P. De Novo Structure-Based Design of Bis-Urea Architectures for Anion Recognition. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 2035-2042.
  16. Bryantsev, V. S.; Hay, B. P. Conformational Preferences and Internal Rotation in Alkyl- and Phenyl-Substituted Thiourea Derivatives. J. Phys. Chem. A. 2006, 110, 4678-4688.
  17. Davis, A. V.; Firman, T. K.; Hay, B. P.; Raymond, K. N. d-Orbital Effects on Stereochemical Non-Rigidity: A Study of TiIV and GeIV Intramolecular Dynamics. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 9484-9496.
  18. Ramirez, J.-Z.; Vargas, R.; Garza, J.; Hay, B. P. Performance of the Effective Core Potentials of Ca, Hg, and Pb in Complexes with Ligands Containing N and O Donor Atoms. J. Chem. Theory Comp. 2006, 2, 1510-1519.
  19. Alexandratos, S. D.; Stine, C. L.; Sachleben, R. A.; Moyer, B. A. Immobilization of Lithium-Selective 14-Crown-4 on Crosslinked Polymer Supports. Polymer 2005, 46, 6347-6352..
  20. Boiadjiev, V. I.; Brown, G. M.; Pinnaduwage, L. A.; Goretzki, G.; Bonnesen, P. V.; Thundat, T. Photochemical hydrosilylation of 11-undecenyltriethylammonium bromide with hydrogen-terminated Si surfaces for the development of robust microcantilever sensors for Cr(IV), Langmuir, 2005, 21, 1139-1142.
  21. Custelcean, R.; Moyer, B. A.; Hay, B. P. A Coordinatively Saturated Sulfate Encapsulated in a Metal-Organic Framework Functionalized with Urea Hydrogen-Bonding Groups. Chem. Commun. 2005, 5971-5973. (Featured on Inside Cover).
  22. Custelcean R.; Gorbunova M. G. Protonation-Assisted Spontaneous Resolution: Formation of a Homochiral 2D Interpenetrated Hydrogen-Bonded Network from 4,4 -Binicotinic Acid under Highly Acidic Conditions. Cryst. Eng. Comm. 2005, 7, 297-301.
  23. Custelcean, R.; Delmau, L. H.; Moyer, B. A.; Sessler, J. L.; Cho, W-S., Gross, D.; Bates, G. W.; Brooks, S. J.; Light, M. E.; Gale, P. A. Calix[4]pyrrole: An Old Yet New Ion-pair Receptor. Angew. Chem. 2005, 44 (17), 2537-2542.
  24. Custelcean R.; Gorbunova, M. G. A Metal-Organic Framework Functionalized with Free Carboxylic Acid Sites and its Selective Binding of a Cl(H2O)4_ Cluster. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 16362-16363.
  25. Custelcean, R.; Gorbunova, M. G.; Bonnesen, P. V. Steric Control over Hydrogen Bonding in Crystalline Organic Solids: A Structural Study of N,N'-Dialkylthioureas. Chem. Eur. J. 2005, 11, 1459-1466.
  26. Delmau, L. H.; Bonnesen, P. V.; Herlinger, A. W.; Chiarizia, R. Aggregation Behavior of Solvent Modifiers for the Extraction of Cesium from Caustic Media, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., 2005, 23, 277-301.
  27. Delmau, L. H.; Lefranc, T. J.; Bonnesen, P. V.; Bryan, J. C.; Presley, D. J.; Moyer, B. A. Fundamental Studies Regarding Synergism Between Calix[4]arene-bis(tert-octylbenzo-crown-6) and Alcohol Modifiers in the Solvent Extraction of Cesium Nitrate. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., 2005, 23, 23-57.
  28. Bryantsev, V. S.; Firman, T. K.; Hay, B. P. Conformational Analysis and Rotational Barriers of Alkyl- and Phenyl-Substituted Urea Derivatives. J. Phys. Chem. A. 2005, 109, 832-842.
  29. Gan, X.; Rapko, B. M.; Duessler, E. N.; Benjamin I.; Paine, R. T.; Hay, B. P. The Synthesis and Lanthanide Coordination Chemistry of 2,6-Bis[(dicyclohexyl)phosphino- methyl]pyridine N,P,P2 -trioxide. The Crystal Structure of 2,6-Bis[(dicyclo-hexyl)phosphinomethyl] Pyridine N,P,P2 -trioxide Erbium(III) Nitrate. Polyhedron 2005, 24, 469-474.
  30. Bryantsev, V. S.; Hay, B. P. Are C_ H Groups Significant Hydrogen Bonding Sites in Anion Receptors? Benzene Complexes with Cl_ , NO3_ , and ClO4_ . J. Am. Chem. Soc., Comm. Ed. 2005, 127, 8282-8283.
  31. Bryantsev, V. S.; Hay, B. P. Using the MMFF94 Model to Predict Structures and Energies for Hydrogen-Bonded Urea-Anion Complexes. J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM) 2005,725, 177-182.
  32. Reply to Comment by Frey and Leutwyler on _ Strength of the N_ H" " " O=C Bonds in Formamide and N-Methylacetamide Dimers , by Vargas et al., J. Phys, Chem. A. 2001, 105, 4963. Vargas, R.; Garza, J.; Friesner, R. A.; Stern, H.; Hay, B. P.; Dixon, D. A. J. Phys. Chem. A. 2005, 109, 6991-6992.
  33. Bryantsev, V. S.; Hay, B. P. Influence of Substituents on the Strength of Aryl C-H" " " Anion Hydrogen Bonds. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 5031-5034.
  34. Hay, B. P.; Oliferenko, A. A.; Uddin, J.; Zhang, C.; Firman, T. K. Search for Improved Host Architectures: Application of De Novo Structure-Based Design and High Throughput Screening Methods to Identify Optimal Building Blocks for Multidentate Ethers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 17043-17053.
  35. Hay, B. P.; Firman, T. K.; Moyer, B. A. Structural Design Criteria for Anion Hosts: Strategies for Achieving Anion Shape Recognition through the Complementary Placement of Urea Donor Groups. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 1810-1819.
  36. Kang, H-A; Engle, N. L.; Bonnesen, P. V.; Delmau, L. H.; Haverlock, T. J.; Moyer, B.A. An Equilibrium Model of Pseudo-Hydroxide Extraction in the Separation of Sodium Hydroxide from Aqueous Solutions Using Lipophilic Fluorinated Alcohols and Phenols. Sep. Sci. Technol., 2005, 40 (1-2), 725-738.
  37. Moyer, B. A.; Bonnesen, P. V.; Custelcean, R.; Delmau, L. H.; Hay, B. P. Strategies for Using Host-Guest Chemistry in the Extractive Separations of Ionic Guests. Kem. Ind. 2005, 54 (2), 65-87 (Invited review).
  38. Moyer, B. A.; Birdwell, J. F., Jr.; Bonnesen, P. V.; Delmau, L. H. Use of Macrocycles in Nuclear-Waste Cleanup: A Real-World Application of a Calixcrown in Technology for the Separation of Cesium. In Macrocyclic Chemistry_ Current Trends and Future. Springer, Dordrecht, 2005, pp 383-405 (Invited review).
  39. Bryan, J.C.; Levitskaia, T.G.; Giacovazzo, C.; Cascarano, G.; Marchand, A.P.; Huang, Z.; Kumar, V.S.; Power, T.D. Synthesis, Alkali Metal Picrate Extraction Properties, and X-ray Crystal Structure of a Novel, Cage-Annulated 18-Crown-6 Host," Struct. Chem., In press (Invited). Joint sponsorship with the USDOE Environmental Management Science Program, Offices of Science and Environmental Management; the Robert A. Welch Foundation; the Texas Advanced Technology Program; and the National Computational Science Alliance.
  40. Hay, B. P.; Dixon, D. A.; Lumetta, G. J.; Vargas, R.; Garza, J. Structural Aspects of Hydrogen Bonding with Nitrate and Sulfate: Design Criteria for Polyalcohol Hosts. In Fundamentals and Applications of Anion Separations; Singh, R. P. and Moyer, B. A., Eds.; Kluwer Academic/Plenum: New York, in press. Joint sponsorship with the PNNL Laboratory Directed Research and Development program.
  41. Hay, B. P.; Firman, T. K.; Lumetta, G. J.; Rapko, B. M.; Garza, P. A.; Sinkov, S. I.; Hutchison, J. E.; Parks, B. W.; Gilbertson, R. D.; Weakley, T. J. R. Toward the Computer-Aided Design of Metal Ion Sequestering Agents. J. Alloys Comp., 2004 374 416-419. Joint sponsorship with the Environmental Management Science Program and the National Science Foundation.
  42. Hay, B. P.; Gutowski, M.; Dixon, D. A.; Garza, J.; Vargas, R.; Moyer, B. A. Structural Criteria for the Rational Design of Selective Ligands. 4. Convergent Hydrogen-Bonding Sites for the Nitrate Anion. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126 (25), 7925-7934
  43. Bazelaire, E.; Gorbunova, M. G.; Bonnesen, P. V.; Moyer, B. A., and Delmau, L. H. pH-switchable Cesium Nirate Extraction with Calix[4]arene Mono- and Bis(benzocrown-6) Ethers Bearing Amino Functionalities, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 2004, 22 (4), 637-661.
  44. Engle, N. L.; Bonnesen, P. V.; Tomkins, B. A.; Haverlock, T. J.; Moyer, B. A. Synthesis and Properties of Calix[4]arene-Bis[4-(2-Ethylhexyl)Benzo-Crown-6}, A Cesium Extractant with Improved Solubility, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 2004, 22 (4), 611-636. Funded by EMSP-crown.
  45. Hay, B. P.; Uddin, J.; Firman, T. K. Eight-coordinate Stereochemistries of U(IV) Catecholate and Aquo Complexes. Polyhedron 2004, 23, 145-154.
  46. Hay, B. P.; Werner, E. J.; Raymond, K. N. Estimating the Number of Bound Waters in Gd(III) Complexes Revisited. Improved Methods for the Prediction of q-Values. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2004, 15, 1496-1502.
  47. Sinkov, S. I.; Rapko, B. M.; Lumetta, G. J.; Hay, B. P.; Hutchison, J. E.; Parks, B. W. Bicyclic and Acyclic Diamides: Comparison of Their Aqueous Phase Binding Constants with Am(III), Pu(IV), Np(V) and U(VI). Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 8404-8413.
  48. Kavallieratos, K.; Bryan, J. C.; Sachleben, R. A.; Van Berkel, G. J.; Espetia, O. D.; Kelly, M. A.; Danby, A.; Bowman-James, K.; Moyer, B. A. Dual-Host Combinations: Using Tripodal Amides to Enhance Cesium Nitrate Extraction by Crown Ethers. In Fundamentals and Applications of Anion Separations; B. A. Moyer and R. P. Singh, Eds.; Kluwer Academic/Plenum: New York, 2004, pp 125_ 150.
  49. Moyer, B. A.; Delmau, L. H.; Fowler, C. J.; Ruas, A.; Bostick, D. A.; Sessler, J. L.; Llinares, J. M.; Hossain, A.; Kang, S. O.; Bowman-James, K. Supramolecular Chemistry of Environmentally Relevant Anions. ACS Symp. Ser., American Chemical Society: Washington, D. C., in press.
  50. Moyer, B. A.; Singh, R. P., Eds. Fundamentals and Applications of Anion Separations; Kluwer Academic/Plenum: New York, 2004.
  51. Luo, H.; Dai, S.; Bonnesen, P.V. "Solvent Extraction of Sr2+ and Cs+ Based on Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids Containing Monoaza-Substituted Crown Ethers. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 2773-2779.
  52. Luo, H.; Dai, S.; Bonnesen, P.V.; Buchanan, A. C., III; Holbrey, J. D.; Bridges, N. J.; Rogers, R. D. Extraction of Cesium Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Calix[4]arene-bis(tert-octylbenzo-crown-6) in Ionic Liquids Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 3078-3083.
  53. Hay, B. P.; Dixon, D. A.; Lumetta, G. J.; Vargas, R.; Garza, J. Structural Aspects of Hydrogen Bonding with Nitrate and Sulfate: Design Criteria for Polyalcohol Hosts. In Fundamentals and Applications of Anion Separations; Singh, R. P., Moyer, B. A., Eds.; Kluwer Academic/Plenum: New York, in press. BES with Joint sponsorship with the PNNL Laboratory Directed Research and Development program.
  54. Z.W. Bell, M.A. Miller, L. Maya, G.M. Brown, and F.V. Sloop, Jr., 'Boron-loaded silicone rubber scintillators', IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, May 06, 2004.
  55. Moyer, B. A.; Singh, R., Eds. Fundamentals and Applications of Anion Separations; B. A. Moyer and R. Singh, Eds.; Kluwer Academic/Plenum: New York, 2004
  56. Delmau, L. H.; Baes, C. F., Jr.; Bostick, D. A.; Haverlock, T. J.; Moyer, B. A. Solvent Extraction System Modeling Using the Program SXFIT. In Leaching and Solution Purification; Hydrometallurgy 2003 Fifth International Conference in Honor of Professor Ian Ritchie, Vol. 1, Proceedings of the 2003 International Symposium on Hydrometallurgy, Vancouver, Canada, August 24 - 27, 2003; Young, C.A., Alfantazi, A.M., Anderson, C.G., Dreisinger, D.B., Harris, B., James, A., Eds.; TMS (The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society): Warrendale, PA, 2003; pp. 969 - 981.
  57. Lumetta, G. J.; Rapko, B. M.; Hay, B. P.; Garza, P. A.; Hutchison, J. E.; Gilbertson, R. D. A Novel Bicyclic Diamide with High Binding Affinity for Trivalent f-Block Elements. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 2003, 21, 29-39.
  58. Delmau, L. H.; Bonnesen, P. V.; Moyer, B. A. A Solution to Stripping Problems Caused by Organophilic Anion Impurities in Crown-Ether Based Solvent Extraction Systems: A Case Study of Cesium Removal from Radioactive Wastes. Hydrometallurgy 2004, 72 (1,2), 9_ 19.
  59. Sachleben, R. A.; Bryan, J. C.; Brown, G. M.; Debastani, R.; Engle, N. L.: Haverlock, T. J.; Hay, B. P.: Ji, H.-F.: Urvoas, A.; Moyer, B. A. Rational Design of Cesium-Selective Ionophores and Chemosensors: Dihydrocalix[4]arene Crown-6 Ethers. European J. Org. Chem,2003, 4862_ 4869.. Joint funding BES and EMSP.
  60. Bonnesen, P. V.; Delmau, L. H.; Moyer, B. A.; Lumetta, G. J. Development of effective solvent modifiers for the solvent extraction of cesium from alkaline high-level tank waste. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 2003, 21 (2), 141-170.
  61. Bryan, J. C.; Hay, B. P.; Sachleben, R. A.; Eagle, C. T.; Zhang, C. G.; Bonnesen, P. V., Design, synthesis, and structure of novel cesium receptors. J. Chem. Crystallogr. 2003, 33 (5-6), 349-355. (Invited).
  62. Delmau, L. H.; Haverlock, T. J.; Sloop, F. V., Jr.; Moyer, B. A. Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction: Prediction of Cesium Extraction from Actual Wastes and Actual Waste Simulants; Report ORNL/TM-2003/011; Oak Ridge National Laboratory;Oak Ridge, Tennessee, February 2003.
  63. Gorbunova, M. G.; Bonnesen, P. V.; Engle, N. L.; Bazelaire, E.; Delmau, L. H.; Moyer, B. A. New amino-functionalized 1,3-alternate calix[4]arene bis- and mono-(benzo-crown-6 ethers) for pH-switched cesium nitrate extraction. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44 (29), 5397-5401.
  64. Haverlock, T. J.; Bonnesen, P. V.; Moyer, B. A. _ Separation of NaOH by Solvent Extraction Using Weak Hydroxy Acids, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 2003, 21(4), 483-504.
  65. Haverlock, T. J.; Mirzadeh, S.; Moyer, B. A. Selectivity of calix[4]arene-bis(benzocrown-6) in the complexation and transport of francium ion. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, (5), 1126-1127.
  66. Levitskaia, T. G.; Bonnesen, P. V.; Chambliss, C. K.; Moyer, B. A. "Synergistic Pseudo-Hydroxide Extraction: Synergism and Anion Selectivity in Sodium Extraction Using a Crown Ether and a Series of Weak Lipophlilic Acids," Anal. Chem. 2003, 75(3), 405_ 412.
  67. Levitskaia, T. G.; Marquez, M.; Sessler, J. L.; Shriver, J. A.; Vercouter, T.; Moyer, B. A. Fluorinated calixpyrroles: anion-binding extractants that reduce the Hofmeister bias. Chem. Commun. 2003, 17, 2248-2249.
  68. Marchand, A. P.; Hazlewood, A.; Huang, Z. L.; Vadlakonda, S. K.; Rocha, J. D. R.; Power, T. D.; Mlinaric-Majerski, K.; Klaic, L.; Kragol, G.; Bryan, J. C., Stabilization of a K+-(bis-cage-annulated 20-crown-6) complex by bidentate picrate. Struct. Chem. 2003, 14, (3), 279_ 288.
  69. Maya, L.; Moyer, B. A.; Lance, M. J. _ Vibrational Spectroscopy of Weak Hydroxy Acids Used as Extractants of Sodium Hydroxide into 1-Octanol," Appl. Spectrosc. 2003, 57(2), 238_ 241.

Chemical Separations Group publications prior to 2003.

Patent Status

Pending Applications

  1. Bonnesen, P.V.; Moyer, B.A.; Sachleben, R.A. Fluoro-alcohol Phase Modifiers and Process for Cesium Solvent Extraction. U.S. Patent Appl. 09/703,899, Nov. 2, 2000.
  2. Gu, B.; Brown, G.M. Regeneration of Anion Exchange Resins Loaded with Perchlorate by Catalyzed Electrochemical Reduction. U.S. Patent Appl. 09/566,036, June 24, 1999.

Patents Issued

  1. Brown, G.M.; Gu, B.; Moyer, B.A.; Bonnesen, P.V. Regeneration of Anion Exchange Resins by Sequential Chemical Displacement. U. S. Patent 6,448,299, September 10, 2002.
  2. Moyer, B.A.; Chambliss, C.K.; Bonnesen, P.V.; Keever, T.J. Solvent and Process for Recovery of Hydroxide from Aqueous Mixtures. U. S. Patent 6,322,702, Nov. 27, 2001.
  3. Moyer, B.A.; Sachleben, R.A.; Bonnesen, P.V.; Presley, D.J. Calixarene Crown Ether Solvent Composition and Use Thereof for Extraction of Cesium from Alkaline Waste Solutions. U. S. Patent 6,174,503, Jan. 16, 2001.
  4. Kilambi, S.; Robinson, R.B.; Moyer, B.A.; Bonnesen, P.V. Supported Liquid Membrane Separation. U. S. Patent 6,096,217, (Divisional of 6,086,769), Aug. 1, 2000.
  5. Kilambi, S.; Robinson, R.B.; Moyer, B.A.; Bonnesen, P.V. Supported Liquid Membrane Separation. U. S. Patent 6,086,769, Jul. 11, 2000. No. 08/929,078, Sept. 15, 1997. Technology licensed by Commodore Technologies, Mar., 1997.
  6. Alexandratos, S.D.; Brown, G.M.; Bonnesen, P.V.; Moyer, B.A. Bifunctional Anion-Exchange Resins with Improved Selectivity and Exchange Kinetics. U. S. Patent 6,059,975, May 9, 2000.
  7. Moyer, B.A.; Sachleben, R.A.; Bonnesen. Process for Extracting Technetium from Alkaline Solutions. U. S. Patent 5,443,731, August 22, 1995.
  8. Moyer, B.A.; McDowell; W.J. Method of Extracting Copper, Silver, and Related Metals. U. S. Patent 4,927,610, May 22, 1990.
  9. McDowell; W.J.; Case, G.N. Solvent Composition and Process for the Isolation of Radium. U. S. Patent 4,917,825, April 17, 1990.

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Revision:  by Lætitia H. Delmau